象形文字字母表

Table of contents

象形文字是古埃及人在大约公元前 3200 年发展起来的一种书写系统。这些象形文字基于一个由几百个 "图画 "文字组成的系统。这种书写系统极其复杂，劳动强度极大。埃及考古学家认为，象形文字最早用于神庙建筑群、陵墓和公共建筑。

最初，古埃及人使用了 700 到 800 个符号。到公元前 300 年左右，这种书写语言已经扩展到 6000 多个符号。日常生活或大自然似乎是许多新增象形文字的灵感来源。

See_also: 古埃及建筑

转换成英文字母的埃及象形文字

See_also: 1 月 3 日的诞生石是什么？

字母表 / CC BY-SA

关于象形文字字母的事实

象形文字大约出现在公元前 3200 年的埃及。
这种古埃及文字系统一直使用到罗马吞并埃及为止
只有 3%的古埃及人能读懂象形文字
象形文字是思想和声音的图画表征
罗塞塔石碑是在拿破仑入侵埃及期间发现的。它包含了希腊文、非罗马文字和象形文字版本的相同信息。这使得法国人让-弗朗索瓦-尚博里昂首次成功翻译了象形文字

象形文字的演变

象形文字本身是希腊语。古埃及人称象形文字为 "medu netjer "或 "神的文字"。古埃及人尊崇象形文字，将其视为托斯的神圣礼物。这可能促使他们在神庙和坟墓等神圣建筑上使用象形文字。后来，象形文字成为书写《金字塔文字》、《亡灵书》和《棺材文字》等神圣文字的基础。

只有埃及社会的精英，如王室、贵族、祭司和文士，才能够阅读象形文字。这些群体只占埃及人口的不到 3%。基本掌握象形文字需要认识 750 个符号。一位文士大师要记住 3000 多个象形文字。

抄写员在特殊学校接受教育，有些抄写员 12 岁就开始接受正规培训。学生们在木块或泥块上练习，首先要记住 200 种不同的象形文字。用彩色墨水绘制图画，用黑色墨水书写文字。

象形文字的结构

如今，埃及学家将埃及象形文字分为三个不同的类别，其中一些图像属于多个类别。

音标是代表特定声音的符号。一个符号可以代表两个或多个字母的声音
表意文字是与观念而非声音相关联的象形文字，例如代表诸神的象形文字
定语是一类既不翻译也不说话的象形文字。它们有助于更清楚地表达单个单词的意思，也表示单词的结尾。古埃及人不使用任何形式的标点符号来标记句子的结尾或单词之间的空格。

象形文字可以从左到右、从右到左或从左到右或从左到右横向阅读。符号表示铭文的阅读方向。如果符号朝左，则从左到右阅读。如果符号朝右，则从右到左阅读。

埃及象形文字的神话起源

古埃及传说中，托特是掌管文字、魔法、智慧和月亮的神，他创造文字是为了确保古埃及人的智慧，并提高他们的记忆力。

埃及创世神和太阳神瑞尔不同意这种观点。他认为，将象形文字赐予人类会促使他们忽视口述历史传统，转而依赖书面文件。瑞尔认为，书写会削弱埃及人的智慧和记忆力。

因此，在古埃及，文士因其知识和写作技巧而备受尊重。因此，在古埃及，文士职位是为数不多的有机会提升社会地位的途径之一。

古埃及象形文字的衰落

在托勒密王朝（约公元前 332 年至公元前 30 年）和罗马时期（约公元前 30 年至公元前 395 年），先是希腊文化，然后是罗马文化的影响不断扩大。到公元前 2 世纪，基督教对埃及传统邪教的影响有所削弱。随着科普特字母--希腊黑体字母的发展--的传播，象形文字的使用逐渐减少，科普特字母成为了最后的古埃及语言。

回顾过去

与古埃及文化的许多其他方面一样，古埃及象形文字系统被证明是强大而持久的。如果没有它的 3000 个符号，古埃及文化的许多内容将永远与我们隔绝。

标题图片来源：George Hodan [CC0 1.0], via publicdomainpictures.net

David Meyer

Jeremy Cruz, a passionate historian and educator, is the creative mind behind the captivating blog for history lovers, teachers, and their students. With a deep-rooted love for the past and an unwavering commitment to spreading historical knowledge, Jeremy has established himself as a trusted source of information and inspiration.Jeremy's journey into the world of history began during his childhood, as he avidly devoured every history book he could get his hands on. Fascinated by the stories of ancient civilizations, pivotal moments in time, and the individuals who shaped our world, he knew from an early age that he wanted to share this passion with others.After completing his formal education in history, Jeremy embarked on a teaching career that spanned over a decade. His commitment to fostering a love for history among his students was unwavering, and he continually sought innovative ways to engage and captivate young minds. Recognizing the potential of technology as a powerful educational tool, he turned his attention to the digital realm, creating his influential history blog.Jeremy's blog is a testament to his dedication to making history accessible and engaging for all. Through his eloquent writing, meticulous research, and vibrant storytelling, he breathes life into the events of the past, enabling readers to feel as if they are witnessing history unfold beforetheir eyes. Whether it's a rarely known anecdote, an in-depth analysis of a significant historical event, or an exploration of the lives of influential figures, his captivating narratives have garnered a dedicated following.Beyond his blog, Jeremy is also actively involved in various historical preservation efforts, working closely with museums and local historical societies to ensure the stories of our past are safeguarded for future generations. Known for his dynamic speaking engagements and workshops for fellow educators, he constantly strives to inspire others to delve deeper into the rich tapestry of history.Jeremy Cruz's blog serves as a testament to his unwavering commitment to making history accessible, engaging, and relevant in today's fast-paced world. With his uncanny ability to transport readers to the heart of historical moments, he continues to foster a love for the past among history enthusiasts, teachers, and their eager students alike.